ARCHBISHOP ROMERO C.S.S. ESSAY STYLE GUIDE

Included in this package are the following:

Appendix 1	Title Page
Appendix 2	How to write a Thesis Statement
Appendix 2A	Essay Question Form
Appendix 3	Essay Outline Sheet
Appendix 4	Preparing the List of Works Cited
Appendix 4A	Sample Essay Page using the APA Style
Appendix 4B	Points to Remember When Setting up a Reference Page
Appendix 4C	APA Reference Types
Appendix 4D	How to Cite Material From the Internet and CD-ROM Programs
Appendix 5	Proof-readers' Marks and Other Symbols for Editing
Appendix 5A	Proof-readers' Marks

The purpose of the Essay Style Guide is to show students the elements of a properly prepared essay: Thesis Development (content, research) Works Cited using A.P.A. (American Psychological Association) (Bibliography) The American Psychological Association (APA) style of citing books, articles, journals, and other texts in a research paper or literary essay varies somewhat from traditional methods of citing works in an essay. Most citation methods require the writer to footnote the sources at the bottom of the page or at the end of the essay in a page entitled "Endnotes". APA, however, requires that sources are cited within the body of an essay as opposed to the bottom of the page or on a separate sheet. When citing a source in APA style, one needs only to mention the author, the date of publication, and the page reference.

The purpose of the research essay is to develop a point of view (thesis) and to support the thesis with evidence found through research such as books, periodicals, Internet, etc. All conclusions reached by the writer must be supported with reasons and evidence. The research essay must include: Title Page Introductory Paragraph / Thesis Statement (Statement of the Purpose of the Essay / Main Focus Question) Supporting Paragraphs (Evidence which supports the thesis using a required approach such as chronological, comparisons, contrasts, etc. Concluding paragraph (Summarises the main arguments and explains the significance of the essay) Referencing (APA format used throughout the body of the essay and in Works Cited)

This is a concise statement, proposed by you, the author, outlining your view on a position that you will take on the topic. The thesis statement is normally presented in the first paragraph of the essay. (See Appendix 2) The word thesis refers to an argument stated by the author. The argument is for or against a subject. It is not that the subject is good or bad. Instead, the writer must argue a certain point of view concerning the subject of the paper. The writer must prove the point of view and proof must be presented to the reader. The argument or the statement is summed up in a thesis statement. A thesis statement is one or more sentences that states what the paper is about. The statement shows how you will get there, what you want to prove, the way you intend to support your statement and where you will end. THE THESIS IS THE CENTRAL FOCUS OF THE ESSAY: It serves as the fundamental position on which your essay will be based It represents your interpretation of the thesis statement which you created It gives focus and direction to research It provides a framework for the content of the essay ORGANIZE YOUR INFORMATION IN LIGHT OF THIS THESIS Gather all material that supports your argument. If there is not enough proof to be convincing, abandon that thesis and begin again. Divide this material into the separate points of the argument and arrange these in order of increasing strength, ending with your best point. Deal with opposite points of view. Disposing, in a fair logical manner, of counter-arguments in the body of your essay actually strengthens your own thesis. Before you begin the rough draft based on your completed Essay Questions in appendix 2A, ensure that there are: No contradictions in your argument No gaps in your reasoning No irrelevant points included No relevant point not supported by evidence

TITLE Your title should reflect the thesis or argument of your essay. Avoid repeating the topic as assigned (or selected). OPENING PARAGRAPH This is your Thesis statement. Begin with a statement about the general topic and proceed to your particular thesis and approach to it. This structure will orient the reader. Avoid giving a summary of what is to follow. Summaries are best left to conclusions. BODY The middle section of the essay should be divided into carefully connected paragraphs, each consisting of four to eight sentences. Avoid overly long or short paragraphs. Each paragraph should contain one major point, and must be related logically and grammatically to the preceding and following ones. Use connecting words, such as: however, therefore, in addition, and nevertheless to ensure smooth and clear transitions between points and paragraphs. Make sure that the argument progresses in a manner that is both coherent and convincing. CONCLUSION Since the argument has built up to your strongest point, your conclusion should begin with what your argument proved, your thesis! A brief and reworded summary of your main points could follow for emphasis, but a plodding repetition should be avoided. Remember that the reader should be left with an understanding of your conviction, not your doubt or hesitation. EDITING Have either a peer or your subject teacher, for whom the essay is written, edit the essay (see Proof-readers' Marks in Appendix 5A). Produce a final copy of the essay and ensure you have followed the format guides in the Appendices. The final essay must include the following in the order listed here: The final keyed essay The original rough drafts(s) including proof-readers' marks All completed forms

(space 12 lines from the top of the page)           TITLE OF ESSAY   (leave approximately 20 blank lines)
	Submitted to: Teacher's Name Submitted by: Your Name Date: Date Due Course: Name of Course and Code

HOW TO WRITE A THESIS STATEMENT The topic answers the question of "whom" or "what" are you speaking? The purpose answers the question of "how" or "why" (eg. How or why is Juan Guzman a hero?) The method suggests the manner of proof in the essay. WRITING AND REVISING A THESIS All writing, including thesis writing, should be clear, concise and specific.
Original	Revised Thesis
Roseanne Arnold is bad and her show reeks.	A mixture of Roseanne Arnold's shallow acting, atrocious directing and hackneyed writing have tattooed her show as an abomination.
Thesis Prognosis	Thesis Remedy
Topic: What is the Topic? Roseanne or her show?	Revised Topic: Roseanne Arnold's TV show
Purpose: The purpose is far too General. What is "bad"?	Revised Purpose: To prove that Roseanne Arnold, because of her responsibilities as an actor, director and writer, is responsible for a poorly made TV show.
Method: No suggestion of method of developing essay.	Revised Method: Through illustration or examples.
CREATING AN OUTLINE FROM THE THESIS Method: Through illustration of examples the thesis will be provided. Introduction: Contains Roseanne Arnold Thesis statement. Paragraph Two: What is 'shallow acting' and how does it contribute to a poorly made show? Paragraph Three: What is 'aimless directing' and how does it contribute to a poorly made show? Paragraph Four: What is 'hackneyed' writing and how does it contribute to a poorly made show? Conclusion: Restatement of thesis and summary of main arguments.

ESSAY QUESTION FORM
Name:	Date:
Title of Essay:
Thesis Question (What will you prove?)
Thesis Statement (Topic, Purpose, Method)
Specific Questions You Will Answer In Each Paragraph   1.       2.       3.

To Add Ideas: and, in addition, moreover, another way, a second method, besides, similarly, again, too, likewise, also To Show Time: now, then, after, a little later, immediately, meanwhile, next, finally, in those days, earlier, at sunset, later in the day To Show Place: here, there, nearby, behind, inside, overhead, on the left, in the distance To Show Order: next, in the second place, finally, secondly, first, to begin with, in conclusion To Contrast Ideas: but, yet, nevertheless, however, still, in contrast, otherwise, on the other hand To Show Result: hence, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, for this reason, accordingly To Compare Ideas: similarly, likewise To Introduce Illustrations: for instance, for example

PARAGRAPH ONE - Introduction: Topic Sentence and Thesis Statement

PARAGRAPH TWO - Topic Sentence: Your Examples Prove?

PARAGRAPH THREE - Topic Sentence: Your Examples Prove?

PARAGRAPH FOUR - Topic Sentence: Your Examples Prove?

PARAGRAPH FIVE - Conclusion: Topic Sentence and Restatement of Thesis

PREPARING THE LIST OF WORKS CITED Any paper that has quotations or paraphrased references must also have a Works Cited list. A Works Cited list is an alphabetical list of all the sources cited in the essay. Do not be afraid of this section. You don't have to memorise it. Use this site as a reference whenever you are completing an assignment that requires documentation of information of ideas. For any entry that you want to make, find the format demonstrated below that matches your source materials and follow it exactly while substituting your own information.

Parenthetical or In-Text Citation Form

(Careless, 1984, p. 4) in parenthesis, give the last name of the author if the name is not mentioned in the text place a comma and one space after the author's last name give the year of publication, followed by a comma and a space the page number follows the publication date if the citation is a direct quote

Reference Page Form

Careless, J.M.S. (1984). Gothic Buildings of Toronto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. author's last name, comma, space initials only for author's first name(s), followed by a double space the year of publication in parenthesis, followed by a period and a double space the book title is underlined; only the first word in the title is capitalised the book title is followed by a period and a double space the place of publication, followed by a colon and a double space the publisher, followed by a period if it is necessary to go to a second line, the second line is indented by three spaces

APPENDIX 4A 

SAMPLE ESSAY PAGE USING THE APA STYLE (tab 5 spaces) Many problems naturally arise concerning the validity of applying such experimental evidence to humans. The laboratory animals were fed large doses of caffeine all at once, but people generally drink coffee relatively slowly, and several times throughout the day, not all at once. Also, the large doses injected into the animals are, for their body weight, well above the amounts humans consume. It is also not known if the "test animals can metabolise caffeine in the bodies in the same way that humans do." (Smith, 1984, p.103). As a result, health experts claim that experimental evidence can not definitely prove caffeine has caused or can cause birth defects in humans; it can only support the theory. Caffeine's effect on children is not nearly as conclusive, however. (tab 5 spaces) The caffeine content of chocolate and colas seems minimal, but it is important to consider the child's body weight relative to that of an adult: A 27 kg child who in a day consumes five servings of Pepsi-Cola and three small chocolate bars (which contain approximately 25 mg of caffeine each) would be ingesting more than 7.7 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight, which is considered more than the caffeine dependent adult need drink. (Gallant, 1991, p.21) It is conceivable that a child could form a daily caffeine habit in this way. Hyperactivity is considered one of the consequences. Parents' awareness of the hazard is advisable, and young people today can be better educated about caffeine use than was possible for previous generations of children (Foster, 1995, p.56). Of course, no drug becomes popular if it has only adverse consequences. Even the most familiar and tolerable ill effects of caffeine would have greatly discouraged or limited its use had there been no perceived benefits to the user.  Note: Page numbering begins on page 2

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN SETTING UP A REFERENCE PAGE When setting up a 'Reference" page, make sure that you do the following: Alphabetise all entries A reference is a list of quoted sources you have used in drafting the essay Title the page 'References' and not 'Bibliography' Indent three spaces when your entry is more than one line in length Number the page Do not number your entries Use a separate, numbered page at the end of the essay, giving it the title References Arrange the References page alphabetically by the author's surname. If the author is unknown, include the work alphabetically by its first significant word. If the book lists more than one author, alphabetise the entry for your references page according to the first author listed on the title page book. Single-space all the information in a reference entry, beginning the first line at the margin and indenting the second and succeeding lines three spaces. Double-space between references. Reverse all authors' names within each entry, and use initials, not first names. Name all authors; do not use 'et al' Use an ampersand (&) instead of and in naming the second or last of several authors. Give the date of publication in parentheses after the last author's name, followed by a period. Underline the titles and subtitles of books and periodicals, but do not put quotation marks around titles of articles. Capitalise only the first word of book and article titles and subtitles and any proper nouns. Use the abbreviation p. or pp. for page numbers of all publications.

APA REFERENCE TYPES MAGAZINE ARTICLE Gardiner, H. (1981, December). Do babies sing a universal song? Psychology Today. pp. 70-76. JOURNAL ARTICLE, ONE AUTHOR Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. ENTIRE ISSUE OF A JOURNAL Glaser, R., & Bond, L. (Eds.). (1981). Testing: concepts, policy, practice, and research [Special issue]. American       Psychologist, 36 (10) NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR Study finds free care used more. (1982, April). APA Monitor, p. 14. (Alphabetise works with no author by the first significant word in the title. / In text, use a short title for the parenthetical citation: ("Study Finds," 1982)) NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, LETTER TO THE EDITOR O'Neil, G.W. (1982, January). In support of DSM-III [Letter to the editor]. APA Monitor, p.4. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, DISCONTINUOUS PAGE Lublin, J.S. (1980, December 5). On idle: The unemployed shuns much mundane work, at least for a while. The Wall       Street Journal, pp. 1, 25. (If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, separated by a comma.) BOOK,ONE AUTHOR Bronte, E. (1968). Wuthering heights. Toronto: MacMillan Press. BOOK, THIRD EDITION,JR. IN NAME Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.G. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan Press. BOOK, CORPORATE AUTHOR, THIRD EDITION, AUTHOR AS PUBLISHER American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).       Washington, DC: Author. (Alphabetise corporate authors by the first significant word of the name. And, when the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher) BOOK NO AUTHOR OR EDITION College Bound Seniors. (1979). Princeton, NJ: College Board Publications. (Alphabetise books with no author or editor by first significant word in the title.) SEVERAL VOLUMES IN A MULTIVOLUME EDITED WORK, PUBLICATION OVER MORE THAN ONE YEAR Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F.C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press. ENCYCLOPEDIA Art Deco. (1993) Britannica (Vols. 1). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. NON ENGLISH BOOK Piaget, J., & Inhelder. B. (1951). La genèse de l'idée de hasard chez l'enfant [The origin of the idea of danger in the       child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. (If the original version of a non-English book is used as the source, cite the original version by giving the original title followed by the English translation in brackets.) FILM Maas, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis [Film]. Englewood Cliffs,       NJ: Prentice-Hall. (Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or primary contributors. In the example, Maas and Gluck are respectively, the producer and the director. Also, specify the medium in brackets immediately after the title. In this example, the medium is film.) VIDEO Symansk, A. (Producer). (1994). Family: A loving look at CBC Radio [Videotape]. C911054. Montreal: National Film       Board. CASSETTE RECORDING Clark, K. B. (Speaker). (1976). Problems of freedom and behaviour modification (Cassette Recording No. 7612).      Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Give the name and function of the originators or primary contributors. In this example, Clark, is the speaker.)

HOW TO CITE MATERIAL FROM THE INTERNET AND CD-ROM'S COMPLETE WORKS Basic Format: Author. (Date). Title. (Edition), [Type of medium]. Available: No Author: Title (Edition), (Date). [Type of medium]. Available: INTERNET Kahoe, Bredam. (1992). Zen and the art of the Internet [Online]. Available:       http://sundance.csu.uic.edu/publications/other/zen-1.0-toc.html A virtual tour of Montreal. (1996). [Online]. Available: http://www.cityvu.com/FRENCH/CITYVU.HTM Judge the nisga's deal on its practical merits. (1996, February14). The Globe and Mail. [Online]. Available:       http://www.globeandmail.ca/forum/commentary.html Koning, Hans, The French mirror. (1995, December). The Atlantic Monthly [Online]. Available:       http://www2.theatlantic.com/Atlantic/issues/95dec/france/france.htm EMAIL Bunny, Easter. (1996). Tip sheet on this year's hiding places [Online]. Available: ebunny@hiphotrial.net  ARTICLES  Basic Format: Author. (Date). Article title. Title of Newspaper, Magazine or Encyclopedia [Type of medium].       Available: If no author: Article title. (Date). Title of Newspaper, Magazine or Encyclopedia [Type of medium]. Available: CD-ROM Koch, G. (1994, Aug. 8). Ignorance abroad. Alberta Report [CD-ROM]. p.17. Magazine Articles Summaries       April 1994 - April 1995, item 9409287624. O'Neil, Juliet. (1994, November 26). AIDS summit '94: turning point? The Gazette (Montreal) [CD-ROM].       Available: Canadian Newsdisc 1. REMEMBER ... DO NOT ADD PERIODS TO THE END OF A URL OR EMAIL ADDRESS.

PROOFREADERS' MARKS AND OTHER SYMBOLS FOR EDITING  After you are satisfied with the overall content and organisation of a piece of writing, you and your editors should take the time to polish it for its intended audience. You should be able to answer "yes" to questions such as these: Are my sentences clear? Are they grammatically correct? Did I use the right words? Is my punctuation correct? Is my spelling correct? See examples of the Proof-readers' marks.